Carbon Capture and Sequestration - Revision history

Rjcord: /* Artificial Direct Ocean Capture */

2024-04-30T18:26:21Z

Artificial Direct Ocean Capture

Rjcord: /* Artificial Direct Ocean Capture */

2024-04-30T18:25:49Z

Artificial Direct Ocean Capture

Rjcord: /* Artificial Direct Ocean Capture */

2024-04-30T17:06:48Z

Artificial Direct Ocean Capture

Rjcord: /* Geologic Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide in Class VI Wells */

2024-04-30T17:05:07Z

Geologic Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide in Class VI Wells

Rjcord: /* Chemical and Permanent Storage */

2024-04-30T17:00:56Z

Chemical and Permanent Storage

Rjcord: /* Minnkota, Project Tundra */

2024-04-30T16:38:00Z

Minnkota, Project Tundra

Rjcord: /* Amine Based Processes */

2024-04-29T22:36:50Z

Amine Based Processes

Rjcord: /* CO2 Capture Alternatives */

2024-04-29T22:36:31Z

CO2 Capture Alternatives

Rjcord: /* CO2 Capture Alterataives */

2024-04-29T22:23:02Z

CO2 Capture Alterataives

Rjcord: /* CO2 Capture */

2024-04-29T22:22:42Z

CO2 Capture

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 :[https://news.mit.edu/2023/carbon-dioxide-out-seawater-ocean-decorbonization-0216 How to pull carbon dioxide out of seawater] February 16, 2023
-According to TIME, another novel method for removing CO2 from the oceans is the Equatic Process. It is getting a major scale-up, with the world’s largest ocean carbon dioxide removal (OCDR) facility set to be built in Singapore and be operational by 2025.
+According to TIME, another novel method for removing CO<sub>2</sub> from the oceans is the Equatic Process. It is getting a major scale-up, with the world’s largest ocean carbon dioxide removal (OCDR) facility set to be built in Singapore and be operational by 2025.
 : [https://time.com/6836259/singapore-equatic-ocean-carbon-dioxide-removal-facility-largest/ Singapore to Build World’s Largest Facility to Boost Carbon-Removal Power of the Ocean] - Time, March 2024

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:25, 30 April 2024
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	:[https://news.mit.edu/2023/carbon-dioxide-out-seawater-ocean-decorbonization-0216 How to pull carbon dioxide out of seawater] February 16, 2023		:[https://news.mit.edu/2023/carbon-dioxide-out-seawater-ocean-decorbonization-0216 How to pull carbon dioxide out of seawater] February 16, 2023
		+
		+	According to TIME, another novel method for removing CO2 from the oceans is the Equatic Process. It is getting a major scale-up, with the world’s largest ocean carbon dioxide removal (OCDR) facility set to be built in Singapore and be operational by 2025.
		+
		+	: [https://time.com/6836259/singapore-equatic-ocean-carbon-dioxide-removal-facility-largest/ Singapore to Build World’s Largest Facility to Boost Carbon-Removal Power of the Ocean] - Time, March 2024

	For more information on how CO<sub>2</sub> moves between the atmosphere and the oceans this is an excellent resource:		For more information on how CO<sub>2</sub> moves between the atmosphere and the oceans this is an excellent resource:

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 ===Artificial Direct Ocean Capture===
-Carbon dioxide released into the air becomes absorbed or dissolved by the ocean's waters.  For every tonne of CO<sub>2</sub> released 30-40% is 'sequestered' by salt water.  For every tonne removed from the atmosphere 30-40% will come from seawater to maintain chemical equilibrium. Sea water
+Carbon dioxide released into the air becomes absorbed or dissolved by the ocean's waters.  For every tonne of CO<sub>2</sub> released 30-40% is 'sequestered' by salt water.  For every tonne removed from the atmosphere 30-40% will come from seawater to maintain chemical equilibrium with sea water.
 A new method for removing the greenhouse gas from the ocean could be far more efficient than existing systems for removing it from the air, according to a report from MIT News, because the concentration of carbon dioxide in seawater is more than 100 times greater than it is in air. Note that this process generates a carbon dioxide stream that still has to be stored in some manner.

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 Per the EPA website "[https://www.epa.gov/uic/class-vi-wells-used-geologic-sequestration-carbon-dioxide Class VI - Wells used for Geologic Sequestration (GS) of Carbon Dioxide]", "Geologic Sequestration is the process of injecting carbon dioxide, captured from an industrial (e.g., steel and cement production) or energy-related source (e.g., a power plant or natural gas processing facility), into deep subsurface rock formations for long-term storage. This is part of a process frequently referred to as “carbon capture and storage” or CCS.
-"Underground injection of CO<sub>2</sub> for purposes such as [[Enhanced Oil Recovery]] (EOR) and enhanced gas recovery (EGR) is a long-standing practice. CO<sub>2</sub> injection specifically for GS involves different technical issues and potentially much larger volumes of CO<sub>2</sub> and larger scale projects than in the past.
+"Underground injection of CO<sub>2</sub> for purposes such as [[Enhanced Oil Recovery]] (EOR) and enhanced gas recovery (EGR) is a long-standing practice. CO<sub>2</sub> injection specifically for geologic sequestration involves different technical issues and potentially much larger volumes of CO<sub>2</sub> and larger scale projects than in the past.
-"Class VI wells are used to inject carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) into deep rock formations. This long-term underground storage is called geologic sequestration (GS). Geologic sequestration refers to technologies to reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions to the atmosphere and mitigate climate change.
+"Class VI wells are used to inject carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) into deep rock formations. This long-term underground storage is called geologic sequestration. Geologic sequestration refers to technologies to reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions to the atmosphere and mitigate climate change.
 For more discussion on Class VI Wells see:

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 ====Chemical and Permanent Storage====
-[https://climeworks.com/ Climeworks] runs a facility in Iceland that demonstrates the possibility with Direct Air Capture carbon being injected in suitable basaltic rocks. Over time, perhaps around two years the water-CO<sub>2</sub> solution reacts with the rock to make solid calcium carbonate. Scaling up this pilot plant level test would require an enormous investment.
+[https://climeworks.com/ Climeworks] runs a facility in Iceland that demonstrates the possibility with Direct Air Capture, where CO<sub>2</sub> is injected in suitable basaltic rocks. Over time, perhaps around two years the water-CO<sub>2</sub> solution reacts with the rock to make solid calcium carbonate. Scaling up this pilot plant level test would require an enormous investment.
 = CO<sub>2</sub> Capture Processes=

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 ==Minnkota, Project Tundra==
-Minnkota, an electric cooperative based in Grand Forks, N.D., is planning what
+According to the project's website, Minnkota, an electric cooperative based in Grand Forks, N.D., is planning what
 is expected to be the largest carbon capture project in the world at its coal-fired
 power station. Known as Project Tundra, it is projected to cost between $1.3
@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 lignite coal unit by about 90 percent.
-CO<sub>2</sub> is scrubbed from the flue gasses of the neighboring coal-fired power stations with an amine based solvent. The solvent is then processed to releases a relatively pure CO<sub>2</sub> stream which is then compressed and injected into 'suitable' geologic formations where it will be monitored for 10 years.
+CO<sub>2</sub> is scrubbed from the flue gasses of the neighboring coal-fired power stations with an amine based solvent. The solvent is then processed to release a relatively pure CO<sub>2</sub> stream which is then compressed and injected into 'suitable' geologic formations where it will be monitored for 10 years.
 There is no information yet on what happens after that of what steps would be taken if leaks occur and CO<sub>2</sub> returns to the surface.

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 :[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9647976/ Review on CO<sub>2</sub> Capture Using Amine-Functionalized Materials]
-''In the past decades, CO2 capture technology relied on classical liquid amine scrubbing. Due to its high energy consumption and corrosive property, CO<sub>2</sub> capture using solid materials has recently come under the spotlight. A variety of porous solid materials were reported such as zeolites and metal–organic frameworks. However, amine-functionalized porous materials outperform all others in terms of CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption capacity and regeneration efficiency.''
+:''In the past decades, CO2 capture technology relied on classical liquid amine scrubbing. Due to its high energy consumption and corrosive property, CO<sub>2</sub> capture using solid materials has recently come under the spotlight. A variety of porous solid materials were reported such as zeolites and metal–organic frameworks. However, amine-functionalized porous materials outperform all others in terms of CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption capacity and regeneration efficiency.''
 The review provides a brief overview of CO<sub>2</sub> capture by various amines and options.

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 [https://climeworks.com/ Climeworks] runs a facility in Iceland that demonstrates the possibility with Direct Air Capture carbon being injected in suitable basaltic rocks. Over time, perhaps around two years the water-CO<sub>2</sub> solution reacts with the rock to make solid calcium carbonate. Scaling up this pilot plant level test would require an enormous investment.
-= CO<sub>2</sub> Capture Alternatives=
+= CO<sub>2</sub> Capture Processes=
 === Solar Thermal Electrochemical Photo Process ===
 Perhaps there’s hope yet with the ''Solar Thermal Electrochemical Photo'' (STEP)&nbsp;[https://phys.org/tags/carbon+capture/ carbon capture] Process (George Washington University, 2010):